Tagged “article-23”

3 articles on article-23.

Air India Statutory Corp v. United Labour Union: the automatic-absorption doctrine

On 6 November 1996, a three-judge bench held that once the appropriate Government issues a Section 10 notification under the Contract Labour Act prohibiting contract labour in a process, the displaced workers stand automatically absorbed into the principal employer's establishment. The doctrine lived for five years before a Constitution Bench overruled it in SAIL.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·9 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India: bonded labour and continuing mandamus

On 16 December 1983, a three-judge bench held that Article 21 derives its life-breath from the Directive Principles and laid the foundation for continuing-mandamus supervision of bonded-labour rehabilitation.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·11 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

PUDR v. Union of India: Article 23 and the Asiad workers

On 18 September 1982, a two-judge bench held that payment below minimum wage is 'forced labour' under Article 23, opening Article 32 to construction workers at the Delhi Asian Games sites.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·10 min