Tagged “circumstantial-evidence”

5 articles on circumstantial-evidence.

SEBI v. Kishore R. Ajmera: preponderance of probabilities and inference from circumstance

Decided on 23 February 2016, this judgment confirmed that the standard of proof in SEBI enforcement is the preponderance of probabilities, allowing manipulative conduct to be established by an irresistible inference drawn from the totality of circumstances.

Valkya Editorial·14 Jun 2026·7 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

Hanumant v. State of Madhya Pradesh: the foundational test for circumstantial evidence

In September 1952 the young Supreme Court laid down the foundational rule that circumstantial evidence must form a chain excluding every hypothesis but guilt.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·7 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

Padala Veera Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh: the four tests of circumstantial evidence

In October 1989 the Supreme Court gave its compact four-test restatement of the circumstantial-evidence standard, the working companion to the Sharad Sarda panchsheel.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·8 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra: the panchsheel of circumstantial evidence

In July 1984 a three-judge bench crystallised the five golden principles, the panchsheel, governing convictions resting wholly on circumstantial evidence.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·8 min

Landmark JudgmentSupreme Court of India

State of Maharashtra v. Suresh: last seen, false explanation and the additional link

In 1999 the Supreme Court set out the three-possibilities rule on recovery of a concealed body and held that a false explanation is only an additional link in a chain.

Valkya Editorial·1 Jun 2026·8 min