On 2 January 2017, a seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held that laying an ordinance before the legislature under Articles 123 and 213 is a mandatory constitutional obligation, that unfettered re-promulgation is a fraud on the Constitution, and that the President's or Governor's satisfaction in issuing an ordinance is not immune from judicial review. Justice Chandrachud wrote for the majority; Justice Lokur dissented on the mandatory-laying point; Chief Justice Thakur left the question open in a separate opinion.